Valvular Heart Diseases

Valvular Heart Diseases (VHDs) are conditions that affect one or more of the heart’s four valves—the aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves—impairing their ability to regulate the normal flow of blood through the heart. These valves ensure unidirectional blood flow by opening and closing with each heartbeat. When valves become damaged or diseased, they may fail to open properly (stenosis) or fail to close completely (regurgitation or insufficiency), leading to compromised heart function and a range of clinical symptoms.Valvular diseases can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various causes. Common acquired causes include rheumatic fever, degenerative changes due to aging, infective endocarditis, and calcification, especially of the aortic valve. The most prevalent types of VHD in adults are aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation. Aortic stenosis (AS) is characterized by the narrowing of the aortic valve opening, most commonly due to age-related calcific degeneration. It leads to increased resistance against blood ejection from the left ventricle, eventually causing left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, or even sudden cardiac death if left untreated. Mitral regurgitation (MR), on the other hand, involves the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole, leading to volume overload, atrial enlargement, and pulmonary hypertension over time.

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